This book is a collection of secondary essays on America's most important philosophic thinkers—statesmen, judges, writers, educators, and activists—from the colonial period to the present. Each essay is a comprehensive introduction to the thought of a noted American on the fundamental meaning of the American regime.

La découverte scientifique radicale, et le changement radical de paradigme associé, sont traités ici comme découlant de la mise à jour de ce qu’on appelle des ‘assomptions’ d’arrière-plan. Celles-ci sont considérées comme plus ou moins équivalentes aux ‘propositions charnières’ discutées par Wittgenstein dans De la certitude. Sur cette base, diverses questions liées aux changements de signification, au changement théorique, à l’incommensurabilité, etc., sont discutées. On montre que la conception d’ensemble de Kuhn, une fois précisée, n’implique ni l’idéalisme ni le relativisme, (...) et que la rationalité et le progrès scientifique peuvent être sauvés d’une manière acceptable par les scientifiques praticiens. (shrink)

La découverte scientifique radicale, et le changement radical de paradigme associé, sont traités ici comme découlant de la mise à jour de ce qu’on appelle des ‘assomptions’ d’arrière-plan. Celles-ci sont considérées comme plus ou moins équivalentes aux ‘propositions charnières’ discutées par Wittgenstein dans De la certitude. Sur cette base, diverses questions liées aux changements de signification, au changement théorique, à l’incommensurabilité, etc., sont discutées. On montre que la conception d’ensemble de Kuhn, une fois précisée, n’implique ni l’idéalisme ni le relativisme, (...) et que la rationalité et le progrès scientifique peuvent être sauvés d’une manière acceptable par les scientifiques praticiens. (shrink)

Cet article analyse quelques extraits de messages de santé traduits du français vers le mooré, l'une des principales langues du Burkina Faso. Partant du fait que langue et culture sont étroitement liées, et que la langue exprime une vision du monde qui lui est propre, nous nous interrogeons sur les valeurs que véhicule la traduction en tant qu'acte de communication. L'analyse montre qu'au-delà de leur fonction informative, les messages traduits véhiculent des valeurs qui appartiennent soit à la culture des textes (...) sources soit à celle des textes cibles. Il est cependant clair qu'au lieu d'une approche basée sur l'équivalence, la traduction des messages de santé dans les langues africaines doit viser plutôt la fonctionnalité, approche qui met le public cible et sa culture au centre de ses préoccupations.This article analyzes some excerpts health messages translated from French to Moore, one of the main languages ​​of Burkina Faso. Given the fact that language and culture are closely related, and that the language expresses a worldview of its own, we wonder about the values ​​that the vehicle translation as an act of communication. The analysis shows that beyond their informative function, the translated messages convey values ​​that belong to either culture or source texts in the target texts. It is clear, however, that instead of an approach based on equivalence, translation of health messages in African languages ​​should aim rather functionality, an approach that puts the target audience and its culture at the center of its concerns. (shrink)

Le Burkina Faso comporte, en plus du français, « langue officielle », environ une soixantaine de langues locales dites « langues nationales ». Malgré des lois favorables à l’égalité des langues, on constate dans la pratique une hiérarchisation linguistique qui consacre la domination du français sur les autres langues. Dans ce contexte plurilingue, on pouvait s’attendre à ce que la traduction puisse contribuer à la préservation de la diversité linguistique et culturelle du pays, voire à l’enrichissement des langues nationales. Mais (...) l’analyse de la traduction littéraire et audio-visuelle révèle une direction qui reflète cette hiérarchisation des langues. En effet, la traduction entre langues européennes est de loin la plus importante, en particulier entre le français et l’anglais. La traduction entre les langues nationales n’existe pas. Dans le domaine audio-visuel, en particulier le cinéma, le sous-titrage se fait toujours des langues nationales vers les langues européennes. En l’absence d’une politique linguistique et d’une politique de traduction, la traduction ne peut pas jouer son rôle de promotion des langues et de préservation de la diversité culturelle.As well as French, its “official language”, Burkina Faso has about 60 local languages that are referred to as “national languages”. Despite legislation in favour of language equality, there is, in practice, a distinct hierarchy that has enshrined the domination of French over other languages. In this multilingual context, it might have been expected that translation would help to preserve the country’s linguistic and cultural diversity, and even to enrich its national languages. However, our analysis of literary and audio-visual translations shows that the translating directions reflect the existing hierarchy between languages. Translations between European languages are by far the most common, especially between French and English. There is no translation at all between the national languages. In the audiovisual field, especially in films, sub-titles are always translated from national languages into European languages. Without language or translation policies, translation cannot play its part in promoting languages and preserving cultural diversity. (shrink)

The Law and Economics approach to law dominates the intellectual discussion of nearly every doctrinal area of law in the US and its influence is growing steadily outside America as well. 2013 marked the fortieth anniversary of the publication of Richard Posner's Economic Analysis of Law, the book that launched the Law and Economics movement. The eighth edition of the book was published in 2011, this time competing against over twenty textbooks, collections and casebooks on law and economics. Although there (...) has been phenomenal growth in this area questions remain. Why has Law and Economics movement become so successful? What is the current status of the Chicago School? What are the alternative theories and how much influence do they exert? What can be considered mainstream today? What are the norms and values underlying this impressive body of research? These issues, amongst others, are thoroughly explored by the contributors. (shrink)

Dry port construction can reduce the cost of container transportation, and its location is the focus of existing research. Considering dry port capacity limitations and scale advantages, this study calculates the costs associated with dry port construction and operations, transportation, time, and the environment and constructs a joint optimization model of the dry port location and transportation scheme to minimize the total cost. Taking 35 prefecture-level cities in Northeast China as the source of container goods and Dalian port as the (...) destination, this study conducts an empirical analysis using the Gurobi 9.0.2 optimizer of the AMPL software to solve the problem and takes the minimum total cost as the goal to select the best dry port and container transshipment scheme. The research draws the following conclusions. Seven dry ports also need to be built in the road-rail mode, which shares 82.76% of the container transshipment volume, to reduce the total transportation cost by approximately 21.67%. Although multimodal transport through dry ports increases the time cost slightly, it can significantly reduce the economic and environmental costs of container transportation. (shrink)

Due to the confinement imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic situation, companies adopted remote work more than ever. The rapid rise of remote work also affected local life and many employers introduced or extended their telework activities because of the associated advantages. However, despite the evident positive benefits, some employees were pressured to work remotely while ill. This evidence brought new challenges to the presenteeism literature. This article investigates how individual, economic/societal, and organizational/sectorial/supervisory-related variables can moderate the role of a contagious (...) disease, such as the COVID-19, in explaining presenteeism behavior. Moreover, the current research presents a multi-level conceptual model to describe how a new construct of remote-work presenteeism behavior mediates the relationship between different post pandemic health conditions and future cumulative negative consequences. The authors suggested that the widespread pervasive adoption of remote work because of COVID-19 has important implications for the presenteeism literature and opens avenues for further research. (shrink)

Presents the Nicomachean Ethics as a work of political philosophy, emphasizing the interplay between its practical political concerns and its underlying philosophic perspective and arguing that it is rhetorical in the precise Aristotelian meaning of the term.

In an expression of extended thanks, Zolberg writes of the effects of his personal experience on his academic history. His academic practices of rejecting two widespread reductionisms - disciplinary boundaries and societal management of cultural diversity - are demonstratively formed through his personal experiences in academia, the Army, West Africa, and Europe, culminating in his comparative social science methods and politics.

The paper attempts to walk some first steps toward a unified and empirically oriented theory of both the structure and the history of physics. Physics is considered a structured whole made up of three interconstitutive elements (conceptual system, object, experimental procedures). This conceptual system is always already interpreted while it is this interpretation which ties the system to our overall experience thereby making it understood. It is argued that our experience is always ideologically (and thence socially) determined and that this (...) interpretation inevitably harbours the ideological element in the form of scientifically unwarranted ideological "assumptions." The character of such "assumptions" is discussed, some examples are given and some consequences for the history of physics are drawn. (shrink)